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People have plenty of usernames and passwords already, we -don't want them to have yet another. We want people to be able to +don't want them to have yet another. We want people to be able to log in to OpenACS with the same password they use to log in to any other system.
Besides, administrators have better things to do than create accounts for people. So we want them to be able to create just one account on a central server (e.g. LDAP or RADIUS), and when they log on to OpenACS, an account will automatically be created for them here.
Finally, security is increased with fewer passwords, since -users generally can't remember all those passwords, so they tend to -keep them all the same and never change them.
Transparent: Users don't have to do anything special to +users generally can't remember all those passwords, so they tend to +keep them all the same and never change them.
Transparent: Users don't have to do anything special to get an account on the local OpenACS system, if they already have an - account on the external authentication server.
Fall-back: Users who don't have an account on the + account on the external authentication server.
Fall-back: Users who don't have an account on the external authentication server are still allowed to create a local account on OpenACS. This could be for external students who should - have access to .LRN, but not to the rest of the university's + have access to .LRN, but not to the rest of the university's resources.
Authentication Client Only: We want OpenACS to be able to - authenticate by asking some remote authority to verify the user's + authenticate by asking some remote authority to verify the user's username/password combination. The goal is explicitly not (at this point) to have OpenACS act as an authentication server for other systems, although this could be easily added later. The goal is also not to devise an infrastructure for letting OpenACS access - resources in various other systems on the user's behalf, such as + resources in various other systems on the user's behalf, such as IMAP, iCalendar, SMB file servers, etc., although this is definitely an interesting use-case.
Easy configuration: We would like people to be able to configure this without having to write code. In particular, we want to build drivers that know how to talk with LDAP, RADIUS, PAM, - etc., and which won't have to be locally modified. Only + etc., and which won't have to be locally modified. Only configuration and policies should change, code should not.
Usability: The solution must be easy to use for end users - and administrators alike. There's frequently a positive feedback + and administrators alike. There's frequently a positive feedback effect between usability and security, because when authentication schemes have poor usability, users will think up ways to circumvent them.
Open and modular: The design should be on the one hand @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ authentication service contract, which talks to an authentication of a certain type, e.g. PAM, RADIUS, LDAP, or Active Directory.
Authentication API: The API through which login pages and - applications talk to the authentication service. There's one and + applications talk to the authentication service. There's one and only one implementation of the authentication API, namly the one included in OpenACS Core.
Authentication Driver API: The service contract which authentication drivers implement.
Authentication:
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@
by an authentication driver.
Username will be separate from email address. It can be an email address, it can look like an email address but not be the name of an actual email mailbox, or it can be something else -entirely.
We're assuming that user information (name, email, etc.) will +entirely.
We're assuming that user information (name, email, etc.) will either already be in the users table through a batch synchronization job, or that the relevant authentication implementation supports real-time synchronization of user data. -Specifically, if you want remote users who haven't yet logged in to -OpenACS to show up in user searches, you'll have to do the batch +Specifically, if you want remote users who haven't yet logged in to +OpenACS to show up in user searches, you'll have to do the batch synchronization.
All in all, the login box will be an includeable template and look like this:
Username: ________ @@ -70,13 +70,13 @@ [Forgot my password] [New user registration] -
If there's only one active authority, we don't display the +
If there's only one active authority, we don't display the authority drop-down element at all.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Configuration | ||
| EXT-AUTH-07 | A | Admin pages to control Ext-Auth parameters |
The site-wide systems administrator can configure the authentication process from a page linked under /acs-admin.
Authorities - ordered list of authorities defined
Account Registration Allowed: Yes/No. Account registration can be disabled altogether.
Registration authority - the authority in which accounts should be created, using the relevant driver, if account registration is allowed.
Username is email? - instead of asking for username, - we'll ask for email. And we'll store the value in both columns, + we'll ask for email. And we'll store the value in both columns, username and email. This is a setting that spans all authorities, and is primarily meant for backwards compatibility with the old OpenACS login process.
The local authority driver is an encapsulation of current @@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ options.
AuthenticationAllowed - true/false, so you can disable login through some authority without having to delete the authority, and hence also all the users who belong to that authority.
ForgottenPasswordUrl - a URL to redirect to instead of - trying to use the authentication driver's password management + trying to use the authentication driver's password management features.
ChangePasswordUrl - a URL to redirect to instead of - trying to use the authentication driver's password management + trying to use the authentication driver's password management features.
Account Creation Driver, e.g. "RADIUS". In practice, this would be a reference to a service contract implementation. The reason we have separate drivers for authentication and account @@ -114,50 +114,50 @@ find a mechanism for the driver to tell us which configuration options are available, a way to set these, and a way for the driver to access these settings.
OpenACS will come pre-configured with one authority, which is -the "local" authority, meaning we'll authenticate as normal using the +the "local" authority, meaning we'll authenticate as normal using the local users table. This will, just like any other authority, be implemetned using a service contract.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Synchronizing and linking users | ||
| EXT-AUTH-28 | A | Create service contract for Batch Sync. |
| EXT-AUTH-38 | A | Batch User Synchronization API |
| EXT-AUTH-38 | A | IMS Synchronization driver |
| EXT-AUTH-08 | A | Automation of batch Synchronization |
| EXT-AUTH-15 | B | On-demand syncronization |
Regardless of the login method, the user needs to have a row in the OpenACS users table. This can happen through a batch job, in real-time, or both in combination. We use the IMS Enterprise 1.1 specification.
Batch job means that we do a synchronization (import new users, modify changed, purge deleted) on a regular interval, e.g. every night. You can also decide to have a monthly full -synchronization, plus daily incremental ones. That's up to you. The +synchronization, plus daily incremental ones. That's up to you. The advantage is that you have all users in OpenACS, so when you search -for a user, you'll see all the organization's users, not just those +for a user, you'll see all the organization's users, not just those who happen to have used the OpenACS-based system. The down-side is that it takes some time for user information to propagate. This can be remedied by using the real-time solution. The batch job will also require error logging and an admin interface to view logs.
If an email already belongs to some other user, we log it as an error.
A user will always belong to exactly one authority, which can be -either the "local" authority or some other. Thus, the OpenACS user's +either the "local" authority or some other. Thus, the OpenACS user's table will have to be augmented with the following columns:
Authority. Reference to the site-wide authorities list. The authority which can authenticate this user.
Authority-specific username.
Real-time means that the first time the user logs into -OpenACS, we'll query the authority that authenticated him +OpenACS, we'll query the authority that authenticated him for information about this user. That authentication authority will then give us at least first names, last name and email. The pros and cons are the opposite of batch jobs. Using both in combination is ideal.
Note: One solution to the "two users from different authorities have the same email" problem above would be to allow users to belong to multiple authorities. Then we would notice that the email -already exists, ask the user if he thinks he's the same person, and +already exists, ask the user if he thinks he's the same person, and if so, ask him to prove so by authenticating using the other -authority. Thus he'll have just authenticated in two different -authorities, and we can record that this is the same person. We'd still +authority. Thus he'll have just authenticated in two different +authorities, and we can record that this is the same person. We'd still have a problem if there was an email conflict between two accounts -on the same authority. Hm. I don't think it's worth spending too much +on the same authority. Hm. I don't think it's worth spending too much time trying to solve this problem through software.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-31 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-31 | A | Upgrade user data model for ext-auth |
After having authenticated using the relevant authority driver, -we'll look for the username/authority pair in the users table.
If we don't find any, that means that we're either not doing +we'll look for the username/authority pair in the users table.
If we don't find any, that means that we're either not doing batch synchronizing, or that the user has been added since the last -sync. In that case, we'll try to do a real-time synchronization, if -the driver supports it. If it does, it'll return email, -first_names, last_name, and other relevant information, and we'll +sync. In that case, we'll try to do a real-time synchronization, if +the driver supports it. If it does, it'll return email, +first_names, last_name, and other relevant information, and we'll create a row in the local users table using that -information.
If that doesn't work, we'll tell the user that their account -isn't yet available, and the driver will supply a message for us, +information.
If that doesn't work, we'll tell the user that their account +isn't yet available, and the driver will supply a message for us, which could say "The account should be available tomorrow. If not, contact X."
If a user doesn't have an account, the site-wide configuration can allow the user to register for one, as defined in the configuration discussed above. This section is about normal account registration through a authority driver.
The account creation service contract implementation will @@ -175,32 +175,32 @@ the default local account creation above, also store the password in hashed form.
Password management is about changing password, retrieving -password, and resetting password.
It's up to the authority driver implementation to decide whether +password, and resetting password.
It's up to the authority driver implementation to decide whether to support any or all of these features, and to say so using the CanXXX methods (see driver API below).
Additionally, the authority can be configured with a URL to redirect to in the case of forgotten passwords, or when the user desires to change password.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-20 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-20 | A | Login over HTTPS |
Login pages must be able to be sent over a secure connection -(https), so your password won't get sent over the wire in +(https), so your password won't get sent over the wire in cleartext, while leaving the rest of the site non-secure (http). I believe that this requires some (minor) changes to the current session handling code.
Email verification needs to be handled both at registration -and at login.
In both cases, it'll be handled by the driver sending +and at login.
In both cases, it'll be handled by the driver sending automatically sending the email containing a link for the user to verify his account. Then the driver will return an account status of "closed,temporary", and a message that says "Check your inbox and click the link in the email".
OpenACS will have a page which receives the email verification, for use by local accounts. Other authorities will -have to implement their own page, most likely on the authority's +have to implement their own page, most likely on the authority's own server.
There are a number of items which touch on external -authentication and session management. And even though they're not +authentication and session management. And even though they're not directly linked to external authentication, I would recommend that -we handle a number of them, either because they're important for -security, or because it makes sense to fix them while we're messing +we handle a number of them, either because they're important for +security, or because it makes sense to fix them while we're messing with this part of the codebase anyway.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-33 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-33 | A | Untrusted Logins |
I like the idea of having multiple login levels:
Not logged in
Untrusted login: We'll show you un-sensitive personal - content, but won't let you modify anything or see personal data. A +Untrusted Logins and Login Levels
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-33 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-33 | A | Untrusted Logins |
I like the idea of having multiple login levels:
Not logged in
Untrusted login: We'll show you un-sensitive personal + content, but won't let you modify anything or see personal data. A normal login becomes untrusted after a certain amount of time, and the user will have to re-enter his/her password in order to gain access to personal data. Untrusted login never expires, unless @@ -211,14 +211,14 @@ specified amount of time.
Secure login: The user is logged in over a secure connection (HTTPS), potentially even using a special secure password. This would be for sensitive actions, such as credit card - transactions.
There are two advantages to this. First, when people's login + transactions.
There are two advantages to this. First, when people's login expires, we can ask them to re-enter only their password, and not -both username and password, since we'll still remember who they +both username and password, since we'll still remember who they were the last time their login was valid. This is a much faster operation (the password input field will be focused by default, so you just type your password and hit Return) that typing both username and password, which will make it practical to have your -site configured to expire people's login after e.g. 2, 4, or 8 +site configured to expire people's login after e.g. 2, 4, or 8 hours.
The other advantage is that we can still offer certain
functionality to you, even when your login is not trusted. For
example, we could let you browse publically available forums, and
@@ -228,20 +228,20 @@
bounce to the login page if the user is only logged in at the
untrusted level. Only if you explicitly say
auth::require_login -untrusted will we give you
-the user_id of a user who's only logged in in untrusted
+the user_id of a user who's only logged in in untrusted
mode.
Similarly, ad_conn user_id will continue
to return 0 (not logged in) when the user is only logged in
-untrusted, and we'll supply another variable, ad_conn
+untrusted, and we'll supply another variable, ad_conn
untrusted_user_id, which wlll be set to the user_id for
all login levels.
This should ensure that we get full access to the new feature, while leaving all current code just as secure as it was before.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-34 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-34 | A | Expire Logins |
Currently, OpenACS is unusable in practice without persistent login. The login will expire after just a few minutes of -inactivity, and you'll get bounced to the login page where you have +inactivity, and you'll get bounced to the login page where you have to enter both email and password again. Unacceptable in practice.
We should change the default, so a non-persistent login -doesn't expire until you either close your browser, or a few hours +doesn't expire until you either close your browser, or a few hours have elapsed. Even if you are constantly active, the login should still expire after at most x number of hours. We can still make the login expire after a period of inactivity, but the amount of time @@ -255,24 +255,24 @@ OpenACS accounts, we would instead present the normal login screen, but put a button which says "Login using X", where X is the redirection-based external authority.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-22 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-22 | B | rewrite cookie handling |
Currently, if you've ever left a permanent login cookie on +Expire All Logins
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-22 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-22 | B | rewrite cookie handling |
Currently, if you've ever left a permanent login cookie on someone elses machine, that person will be forever logged in until he/she explicitly logs out. You can change your password, you can do anything you want, but unless a logout is requested from that particular browser, that browser will be logged in forever.
I want to change our session handling code so that old login cookies can be expired. This would be done automatically whenever you change your password, and we could also offer a link which does -this without changing passwords. It's an important security +this without changing passwords. It's an important security measure.
The implementation is simply to autogenerate some secret token which is stored in the users table, and is also stored in the -cookie somehow. Then, whenever we want to expire all logins, we'll +cookie somehow. Then, whenever we want to expire all logins, we'll just regenerate a new secret token, and the other cookies will be -void. Of course, we don't want to incur a DB hit on every request, -so we'll need to cache the secret token, or only check it when +void. Of course, we don't want to incur a DB hit on every request, +so we'll need to cache the secret token, or only check it when refreshing the session cookie, which, I believe, normally happens every 10 minutes or so.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-24 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-24 | A | Email on password change |
As an additional security measure, we should email the -account's email address whenever the password is changed, so that +account's email address whenever the password is changed, so that he/she is at least alerted to the fact.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-25 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-25 | A | Implement password policy |
Again, to increase security, we should add password policies, such as passwords needing to be changed after a certain number of @@ -281,52 +281,52 @@ complexity rules, i.e. both upper and lowercase characters, numbers, special chars, etc.
It would good to extend the current maximum password length from 10 to at least 32 characters.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-26 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-26 | B | Login without explicit domain |
In order to make it easier for people, we've been toying with +Login Without Explicit Authority
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-26 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-26 | B | Login without explicit domain |
In order to make it easier for people, we've been toying with the idea of a functionality like this:
If the user enters "foobar@ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de", it is translated to mean username = "foobar", authority = - "ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de".
If the user enters "foobar", it's recognized to not + "ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de".
If the user enters "foobar", it's recognized to not include any authority, and the default authority of - "ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de" is used.
If the user enters "foo@bar.com", it's recognized as not - belonging to any known authority, and as such, it's translated to mean + "ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de" is used.
If the user enters "foo@bar.com", it's recognized as not + belonging to any known authority, and as such, it's translated to mean username = "foo@bar.com", authority = "local".
If this is deemed desirable, a way to implement this would be -through these settings:
Split: A regexp which will split the user's entry into +through these settings:
Split: A regexp which will split the user's entry into username and authority parts. For example "^([^@]+)(@[^@]+)?$". An easier to use but less flexible method would be that you simply specify a certain character to split by, such as "@" or "\". If the - regexp doesn't match, or in the latter case, if there's more than + regexp doesn't match, or in the latter case, if there's more than one occurrence of the specified character sequence, the split will - fail, signaling that the user's entry was not valid.
Default authority: The default authority will be the first one + fail, signaling that the user's entry was not valid.
Default authority: The default authority will be the first one in the sort order.
The relevant code in user-login.tcl would look like this:
if { ![auth::split_username -username_var username -authority_var authority] } {
- # bounce back to the form with a message saying that the login wasn't valid.
+ # bounce back to the form with a message saying that the login wasn't valid.
ad_script_abort
}
# username will now contain username
# authority will now contain authority
-| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-27 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-27 | B | Who's online list |
While we're touching the session handling code, anyway, it -would be nice to add a feature to show who's currently online, a +
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-27 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-27 | B | Who's online list |
While we're touching the session handling code, anyway, it +would be nice to add a feature to show who's currently online, a nice real-time collaboration feature frequently requested by members of the community. This is particularly interesting when integrated with a chat or instant messaging service like Jabber.
What I'm concretely suggesting is that we keep a record of which authenticated users have requested pags on the site in the last x minutes (typically about 5), and thus are considered to be -currently online. There's nothing more to it. This lets us display +currently online. There's nothing more to it. This lets us display a list of "active users" somewhere on the site, and make their name -a link to a real-time chat service like Jabber.
We've already made the changes necessary to -security-procs.tcl to do this on an earlier project, but haven't +a link to a real-time chat service like Jabber.
We've already made the changes necessary to +security-procs.tcl to do this on an earlier project, but haven't quite finished the work and put it back into the tree.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-28 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-28 | implement subsite-level config |
If we want to, we could let subsite administrators configure the login process for that particular subsite. This would probably only entail letting the subsite admin leave out certain authorities defined site-wide, and change the sort order.
I think we should leave this out until we have a use case for -it, someone who'd need it.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-32 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-32 | A | Parameters for Service Contract Implementation |
| EXT-AUTH-35 | A | Make the Authentication API a service contract |
For completely free-form authentication logic and mechanisms, -something like Andrew Grumet's +something like Andrew Grumet's Pluggable -Authentication for OACS Draft is interesting. He's +Authentication for OACS Draft is interesting. He's proposing a scheme where the entire user interaction is encapsulated in, and left entirely to, a service contract. This certainly opens up more advanced possibilities, such as perhaps @@ -340,35 +340,35 @@ Authenticating against multiple servers simultaneously
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| EXT-AUTH-36 | ||
| EXT-AUTH-36 | A | Authenticate against multiple servers |
Both OKI and OpenACS supports a form of stacking, where you can be logged into multiple authorities at the same time. This is useful if, for example, you need to get login tokens such as -Kerberos tickets for access to shared resources.
I can see the value in this, but for simplicity's sake, I'm +Kerberos tickets for access to shared resources.
I can see the value in this, but for simplicity's sake, I'm in favor of keeping this use-case out of the loop until we have someone with a real requirement who could help us guide development.
For now, OpenACS is still more of an integrated suite, it -doesn't access many outside applications. I think it would be +doesn't access many outside applications. I think it would be excellent for OpenACS to do so, e.g. by using an IMAP server to store emails, an iCal server to store calendar appointments, LDAP for user/group data and access control lists, SMB for file storage, -etc. But at the moment, we don't have any users of such things that -are ready. We have some who are on the steps, but let's wait till -they're there.
| Feature | Status | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Implement specific drivers | ||
| EXT-AUTH-09 | A | Create Auth. drivers for Local Authority |
| EXT-AUTH-10 | A | Create Acct. Creation driver for Local Authority |
| EXT-AUTH-11 | A | Create Auth. driver for PAM |
| EXT-AUTH-12 | X | Create Acct. Creation driver for PAM - this - functionality is explicitly excluded from PAM |
| EXT-AUTH-13 | A | Create Acct. Creation driver for LDAP |
| EXT-AUTH-14 | A | Create Auth. driver for LDAP |
We'll need drivers for:
Operating system (Linux/Solaris) PAM: Delegate to the + functionality is explicitly excluded from PAM
We'll need drivers for:
Operating system (Linux/Solaris) PAM: Delegate to the operating system, which can then talk to RADIUS, LDAP, whatever. - This is convenient because there'll be plenty of drivers for the OS - PAM level, so we don't have to write them all ourselves. The - downside is that we can't do things like account creation, password + This is convenient because there'll be plenty of drivers for the OS + PAM level, so we don't have to write them all ourselves. The + downside is that we can't do things like account creation, password management, real-time account synchronization, etc., not supported by PAM (I'm not entirely sure what is and is not supported).
RADIUS
LDAP
RADIUS is a simple username/password-type authentication server.
It also supports sending a challenge to which the user must -respond with the proper answer (e.g. mother's maiden name, or could +respond with the proper answer (e.g. mother's maiden name, or could be additional password), but we will not support this feature.
A RADIUS client implementation in Python can be found in the exUserFolder module for Zope -(documentation).
We'd really appreciate feedback on this proposal. Please follow up at +(documentation).
We'd really appreciate feedback on this proposal. Please follow up at this openacs.org forums thread.
Threads and links collected by Carl Blesius.